Attention Deficit / Hyperactivity Disorder

ADHD is characterised by a persistent pattern of inattention and/or hyperactivity-impulsivity. The symptoms are present across multiple settings (e.g., work, home, school etc.) and interfere with daily functioning.

1. Inattention: Individuals with ADHD can struggle to maintain focus, attention and concentration and can become easily distracted. They may have difficulty organising tasks, forget or lose items, and struggle with sustained mental effort.

2. Hyperactivity and Impulsivity: This can manifest as excessive motor activity, restlessness, and/or an inability to stay seated or engaged in quiet activities. It may also involve fidgeting, excessive talking, and a sense of being constantly "on the go". It can also refer to acting without thinking, resulting in hasty decision-making, interrupting conversations, and difficulty waiting your turn.

It is important to note that the symptoms of ADHD vary significantly and manifests differently for every person. This is why clinical interviews are key in the diagnosis of ADHD.

To reach a diagnosis of ADHD this involves a comprehensive assessment process that considers multiple factors, including behavioural observations, medical history, and the use of standardised rating scales. Though the most important tool used for diagnosing ADHD involve clinical interviews.

The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) depicts guidelines and clear criteria for diagnosing ADHD and helps to ensure consistent evaluation.

The assessment process can be completed by a psychologist and can also take place with a psychiatrist.

• Counselling and Therapy: Psychologists provide counselling and therapy to help adults with ADHD explore and address the emotional and psychological impact of their condition. Cognitive behavioural Therapy (CBT) is commonly used to address negative thought patterns and unhelpful coping strategies related to ADHD symptoms. Psychologists can also help people with ADHD learn and implement behavioural strategies to manage their symptoms more effectively.

• Educational Support: Education about ADHD can be highly beneficial for people with the condition. Through having an in depth understanding of ADHD generally, people with the condition can become better equipped to recognise the uniqueness of their presentation of the condition. This empowers people with ADHD to take an active role in managing their condition and learn more effective ways of working with their symptoms and managing these in the context of their broader lives.

• Medication Management: Medication is not always required for symptom management or desired by people living with the condition. However, stimulant medications be prescribed to manage ADHD symptoms and they work by increasing neurotransmitter activity in the brain. This can improve focus and reduce impulsivity and hyperactivity. Non-stimulant medications can also be considered as an alternative. Medications can only be prescribed by a psychiatrist that works with ADHD.

• Assistive Technology and Organisational Tools: Utilising smartphone apps, reminder systems, digital calendars, and other organisational tools can help adults with ADHD manage their schedules, tasks, and responsibilities more effectively.

• Support Groups and ADHD Coaching: Joining support groups or participating in ADHD-related communities can provide a sense of understanding, validation, and practical tips from others facing similar challenges. While an ADHD coach can provide personalised support, guidance, and practical strategies to individuals with ADHD.

• Lifestyle Changes: Adopting healthy lifestyle habits, such as regular exercise, balanced nutrition, sufficient sleep, and stress management, can improve overall well-being and may help manage ADHD symptoms.